The Three Views of Conflict How Criminal Justice Agencies...

What is conflict? There are many definitions for conflict. A conflict is defined by Robbins Judge (2011) as A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect something that the first party cares about. In this paper the three views of conflict will be discussed, then compared and contrasted. They are: (1) traditional view ;( 2) human relations view and (3) interactionist view. In addition functional conflict and dysfunctional conflict are discussed with examples of criminal justice agencies that are in the midst of one of these types of conflict. Traditional View According to Robbins Judge (2011), the traditional view of conflict assumes that all conflict†¦show more content†¦After her removal, productivity increased and all the other officers resumed working as a team. Interactionist View According to Robbins Judge (2011) the interactionist view beliefs conflict in some situations is helpful. In some cases a minimal level of conflict can help keep a group viable, self critical and creative (Robbins Judge, 2011). The interactionist view does not view all conflict as good, but rather as: functional or dysfunctional. When an organization is in conflict and the works is constructive and supports the goals of the group it is viewed as functional conflict. However if the conflict hinders the groups performance and is destructive, it is viewed as dysfunctional conflict (Robbins Judge, 2011). The way to differentiate functional conflict from dysfunctional conflict is to look at the type of conflict. The first type is task conflict, which relates to the content and goals of the work (Robbins Judge, 2011). The second type is relationship conflict; this conflict focuses on how group members relate to one another. The third type is process conflict which focuses on how the work gets done. In summary, these three conflict views, not all conflicts are counterproductive. Conflict can be either functional or dysfunctional as seen in the interactionist view of conflict. When conflict occurs in a group that causes constant strife andShow MoreRelatedPolitical Theories And Crime Control Essay1999 Words   |  8 Pagesthe welfare state was to blame for the rise of crime rates, despite investments in welfare programmes and increase in wealth, which those on the right argued was evidence that social conditions as cause of crime was irrelevant and argue that a new view of thinking was needed. This, coupled with the pressures to deal with crime, making its way on the political agenda, saw criminological theory and crime control becoming increasing underpinned by political ideas that sort to find practical solutionsRead MoreRule Of Law And Development10265 Words   |  42 Pagesagendas which are often called as the next generation MDGs includes Rule of Law, one of the most cruci al component of development around the world. Precisely for developing countries like Bangladesh, the fragile state of rule of Law and access to justice implicates the downward situation of development, especially from the human rights perspective. This paper will analyze the sources, nature and elements of rule of law as well as development and scrutinize the nexus between these two. In light ofRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesSecurity Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 CHAPTER 6: The Laws of War and NeutralityRead MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgements 2 2. Table of contents 3 3. Introduction 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Research Methodology 5 6. What is Conflict? 6 7. Works of Karl Marx 9 8. Conflict of interest 12 9. Conflict perspective in sociology 13 10. In classical sociology 14 11. Modern approaches 17 12Read MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pages24 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 26 CAPITALISM AND MARXIST THEORY .......................................................................... 26-41 Conflict Criminology theory: Karl Marx ................................................................... 29 Critical Criminology .................................................................................................. 31 Critical Criminology:Read MoreIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words   |  55 Pagestraditional value called sanskritization. Since the Industrial Revolution, urbanization and industrialization have moved in great pace. Features of Industrial Society : The industrial society has the following features : 1. Norm and social role conflicts : The diversity of social life is the most important characteristic of urban industrial life. It springs from the size, density and heterogeneity of the population, extreme specialization of the various occupations and the class structure existingRead MoreThe Acquisition, Use, And Disposition Of School Property8925 Words   |  36 PagesHis intellect, his capacity to make something from nothing, and to provide direction in the midst of chaos are inspiring and a testament to the rich tradition of superb faculty support at The University of Alabama. Dr. James Wright willingly gave considerable time and effort to my study. His long drives to Tuscaloosa from Montgomery and his constant encouragement to see this project through made me realize how pivotal a role he played in the completion of this dissertation. He is a fierce friend toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDecision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . 3 The Importance of Management. . . . . . . . . . . . What Is Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Who Are Managers?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Do Managers Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managerial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managerial Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment Free Essay Example, 1500 words

DeJong, 1975, Lovaglia, 2007). Whilst this finding was not part of the official, published results of the study, it does add some weight to the conclusion, as the legitimizing ideology in this case was the furthering of scientific interest, which allowed visitors to look past ethical issues in favour of science. This conclusion, however, is hotly debated simply because of some methodological considerations that must be made when analysing the SPE. One of the main criticisms of the study is that it’s very nature meant that Zimbardo could not keep to standard scientific controls (Banuazizi & Movahedi, 1975) and could not maintain objectivity throughout the study (Lovaglia, 2007). This meant that much of the released information about the SPE was based on anecdotal evidence, and it has been argued that this is a flaw which renders the findings of the entire study obsolete (Banuazizi & Movahedi, 1975). However, there are those that argue that this type of finding can be useful if it is kept in context and the flaws are taken into account when using the information (Brady & Logsdon, 1988). We will write a custom essay sample on Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is clear from film extracts and published material on the study that, despite possible interpretation bias and methodological flaws, there are situational influences on behaviour, many of which can be influenced by (although not completely dictated by) role-play. Another criticism often made of the SPE is that it lacks ecological validity because the conditions imposed by Zimbardo do not necessarily represent true prison conditions, as they were orchestrated somewhat arbitrarily (Carnahan & McFarland, 2007). This is a somewhat valid criticism, in that it represents the truth – the prison was artificial and held in a basement – but there are several problems with accepting this as an invalidating methodological flaw. Additionally, many pointed out the similarity between the SPE and the situation found in Abu Ghraib, suggesting that there are some real-world situations which can be likened to the SPE (Zimbardo, 2006), however rare th ey may be. Despite questionable ecological validity, there are still interesting conclusions that can be drawn from the SPE. There are many situations in which role-play, legitimizing ideology, and imposed authority play a role outside of prison situations (Haslam & Reicher, 2012). Whilst this is an extreme form of many environments, it is still evident that some effect was still being exerted on the prisoners. Again, it is important to take into account this flaw when considering the results of the SPE, but it does not detract from the contribution it made to social psychology.

Crazy Drivers Essay - 561 Words

I do not know how many times I have been driving down the road when someone does something stupid, ranging from pulling out in front of me or tailgating. More and more drivers enter the road every year and it seems as if less and less of them know how to drive. As a teen I often get stereotyped as a bad driver but this is a very unfair judgment. The fact is I have helped prevent accidents the closest I have ever been to being in an accident was the fault of an older gentleman. Still the numbers do not lie teens have the most accidents of any age bracket. Why do teens have the highest accident rate? I believe it is because of inexperience not bad habits. Most teens have only been driving for a very short time, if at all, when they receive†¦show more content†¦Observing my father who has been driving for 30 year and my little brother who has had his permit for 5 months I have noticed my father has many more bad driving habits. My father will not signal while switching lanes, drink coffee while driving or even talk on the cell phone in heavy traffic. These habits are not exclusive to my father ether may adults develop bad habits such as these. Many drivers young and old seem to be getting worse and worse at judging distance. I cannot count how many times I have been tailgated, illegally passed had a close call T-boning, or high beamed all form motorists who cannot judge distance. Tailgaters seem to be the most dangerous drivers of all. When a tailgater gets behind you on a wet road your best bet is to pull off and let them pass because tailgaters are where 50 car pile-ups come from. Most T-bone collisions could be avoided if drivers would allow larger gaps when pulling out of a store or going though and intersection. Some drivers in this sea of horrible ones seem to be retaining good driving habits. Just the other day I needed to turn into a store off of a two-lane road and a kind gentleman let me into the parking lot, by stopping short of the driveway. Most people with little cars have no idea how much more room it takes to swing a bus or truck when turning mostShow MoreRelatedThe Last Red Macaw2254 Words   |  9 Pagesthat any normal english speaker can not understand. Bartholomew tells the driver, â€Å"to the Moorings dock† and the driver starts the engine and takes off. They drive past the heart of the city and pass many beautiful shops on the way. Some shops consist of colorful handmade clothing, beautiful silverware, and even some with exotic fruits that nobody has ever heard of before. The car was swerving back and forth like the driver was trying to dodge something in the road every ten feet. But in fact thereRead More Innocence In The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. 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By this he means that in order to protect innocent children from falling over a cliff into the corruptness of the adult or â€Å"phony† world, he must catch them and save them from this stained fate. This idea that he has is crazy, and until this conversation, he did not realize the ridiculousness of his â€Å"plan.† It is not until later in the book does he realize that this ambition that he has chased for so long is impossible to reach and that it’s inevitable to protect the youthRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Final Assessment2098 Words   |  8 Pagesthis comment, Mr. Antolini decided it was time to save Holden himself and get him help. He didn’t want to see Holden’s view on the world get worse than it already was, and was afraid that his state of mind might result in some bad actions. A taxi driver, Horwitz, also reported Holden, expressing his concern for this boy who seemed lonely and reckless. 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Financial Performance Analysis Scottish Power and EDF Energy

Question: Critically examine the performance of these two companies,Scottish Power and EDF Energy using ratios extracted over the two year period. This will include trend(s) and the relative performance comparison between these firms? Answer: Introduction Financial performance analysis is considered to be crucial for the organization as well as investors. This paper has focused on analyzing financial performance of two public listed companies in terms of profitability, liquidity; efficiency etc. ratio analysis is an effective tool that significantly contributes in the performance analysis of organizations (Atkinson, 2007). This paper will focus on the energy sector of United Kingdom and two business organizations from this sector will be chosen for analyzing as well as comparing the financial performance of these companies. In this paper, the chosen companies are Scottish Power and EDF Energy. An overview of the energy sector along with the companies has been presented in this report. Therefore, financial performance analysis has been undertaken with the aid of ratio analysis of the company. Energy Industry of United Kingdom Energy industry of United Kingdom has significant contribution in the economy of the nation. It provides job opportunities for 680,000 people and the sector pays tax of 5.7 billion GBP. It is considered as the second most important sector of United Kingdom. In 2014, 13.1 million GBP has been invested in the infrastructure. The energy sector of United Kingdom is consisted of three principal components: generation of electricity, distribution and supplying it to the consumers. In United Kingdom, fossil fuel such as coal and natural gas are considered to be the major source for electricity generation. In 2010, it has been estimated that coal and natural gas contribute to 28% and 47% of the electricity generation. O n the other hand, nuclear source of energy contributes to 16% of the total electricity production. It is expected that the operations of nuclear power stations of UK will be ceased within 2025. Renewable sources of energy have been utilized by UK for contributing 7% of the to tal electricity generation. It is expected that within 2020, the figure will reach 30% of the total electricity generation in UK. Some significant changes is expected to occur in the energy sector of United Kingdom which will make its more simple as well as fair to the consumers (Energy-uk.org.uk, 2015). Company Overview Scottish Power: Scottish Power is focusing on providing renewable energy solutions. The company is committed to its consumers for becoming more energy efficient (Scottishpower.com, 2015). EDF Energy: EDF Energy is the largest producer of low carbon electricity in United Kingdom. The company produces 20% of the total electricity of the nation. It has 15,000 employees. It has been focusing on meeting customer demand (EDF Energy, 2015). Financial Analysis Financial analysis helps in gaining an insight regarding the performance of the company. It is very important for the business organizations to evaluate its performance to assess whether it has been able to achieve its objectives in that financial year. Additionally, the investors must use the financial information for evaluating the performance in order to make rational investment decision. This section will focus on analyzing the financial performance of Scottish Power and EDF Energy (Coombs, Hobbs and Jenkins, 2005). Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis one of the most efficient tool that uses relevant information from the financial statements of the company for calculating specific financial performance indicators. In this section, the financial information of consecutive two years 2012 and 2013 has been gathered from the annual reports of the company for analyzing the financial performance (Epstein and Lee, 2010). Profitability Ratio Profitability ratio helps in estimating how well the company has been able to generate profit. Gross profit margin indicates how much money is left from the sales after considering the cost of goods sold. Net profit margin indicates how much amount remains with the company after considering total expenditure. From the following table, it can be found that the gross profit margin of EDF Energy in 2012 and 2013 is same. The gross profit margin of Scottish Power has improved slightly in 2013. However, the gross profit margin of Scottish power is much lower than EDF energy. Net profit margin of EDF is much lower than the gross profit which implies that operation cost of the company is higher. Net profit margin of EDF energy is higher than Scottish Power which has encountered slight decline in terms net profit margin. Hence, it can be concluded that EDF Energy is in better position than Scottish power in terms of profitability (Gazely and Lambert, 2006). Scottish Power (million) EDF Energy (million) 2013 2012 2013 2012 Profitability Ratio Gross Profit 2,171.50 2,032.20 3,699.00 3,557.00 Revenue 54,070.00 53,227.00 8,311.00 7,960.00 Gross Profit Margin 4.02% 3.82% 44.51% 44.69% Net Profit 539.70 612.90 814.00 563.00 Revenue 54,070.00 53,227.00 8,311.00 7,960.00 Net Profit Margin 1.00% 1.15% 9.79% 7.07% Liquidity Ratio Liquidity ratio helps in estimation of the cash position of the company and its ability to meet short terms obligations or day to day operation. Two important liquidity ratios current ratio and quick ratio has been calculated in this section for the two companies for 2012and 2013. Current ratio as well as quick ratio implies the potential of the company. If current ratio is 1 or more, it indicates the company has adequate current assets for meeting short term liabilities (Hansen and Mowen, 2000). In case of Scottish Power, the current ratio has declined in 2013 from the previous financial year. The value is very poor and indicates the short term obligations of the firm are much higher than current assets. Hence, the company will encounter difficulty in managing working capital. On the other hand, current ratio of EDF Energy is 1.6 and 1.76 in 2012 and 2013 respectively. It clearly implies that the company has been able to maintain adequate current assets for meeting short term liabilities. Quick ratio does not consider inventories in the current asset as it cannot be quickly converted into cash. The quick ratio of Scottish power clearly indicates the company needs higher amount of current asset. The quick ratio of EDF Energy is found to be better in 2013. It can be concluded that the liquidity position of EDF Energy is quite good while Scottish Power do not have adequate current assets (Madegowda, 2007). Scottish Power (million) EDF Energy (million) 2013 2012 2013 2012 Liquidity Ratio Current Asset 3,053.00 3,532.80 6,140.00 5,998.00 Current Liabilities 5,525.20 5,407.80 3,493.00 3,753.00 Current Ratio 0.55 0.65 1.76 1.60 Current Assets 3,053.00 3,532.80 6,140.00 5,998.00 Inventories 298.30 164.30 2,334.00 2,139.00 Current Liabilities 5,525.20 5,407.80 3,493.00 3,753.00 Quick Ratio 0.50 0.62 1.09 1.03 Efficiency Ratio Efficiency ratio helps in estimating the efficiency of the organizational activities in terms of asset utilization, inventory conversion etc. In this section, two important efficiency ratios, asset turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio has been calculated. Asset turnover ratio of Scottish Power has improved in 2013. On the other hand, asset turnover ratio of EDF energy has been estimated to be very poor (Weetman, 2010). It can be clearly concluded that Scottish Power has been able to utilize its assets efficiently for generating revenue. In contrast, EDF Energy has not been able to utilize the assets effectively. Inventory turnover ratio assists in calculating the time taken for converting the inventory into sales. It has been found that the inventory turnover ratio of Scottish Power has increased in 2013. On the other hand, the inventory turnover ratio of EDF Energy is much higher than Scottish Power. Higher inventory turnover ratio has a negative implication for the company ( Hansen and Mowen, 2005). Scottish Power (million) EDF Energy (million) 2013 2012 2013 2012 Efficiency Ratio Revenue 54,070.00 53,227.00 8,311.00 7,960.00 Total Asset 13,903.90 19,802.20 30,661.00 28,801.00 Asset Turnover Ratio 3.89 2.69 0.27 0.28 Inventories 298.30 164.30 2,334.00 2,139.00 Cost of Sales 4,612.00 4,403.00 6,059.20 5,770.90 Inventory Turnover ratio 23.61 13.62 140.60 135.29 Capital Structure ratio Capital structure of an organization plays a major role in understanding the risks associated with the organization. Gearing ratio and interest coverage ratio are the two important capital structure ratios. Gearing ratio estimates the ratio between debt and equity capital. In case of Scottish Power, the gearing ratio is greater than 1 which indicates that debt is higher than equity. Hence, higher risk is associated with the company (Weetman, 2010). On the other hand the gearing ratio of EDF Energy indicates that the proportion of debt is much less than equity. Hence, risk is lower in case of EDF Energy. Interest coverage ratio refers to the ability of the company to payback its loan. It has been calculated that the interest coverage ratio has declined in 2013 in case of Scottish Power and it has improved in case of EDF energy. However, both the companies have been able to maintain a good position in terms of interest repayment capability (Horngren, Harrison and Bamber, 2005). Scottish Power (million) EDF Energy (million) 2013 2012 2013 2012 Capital Structure Ratio Debt Capital 6,253.40 6,084.40 1,505.00 1,196.00 Total Equity 3,871.20 3,778.50 16,321.00 15,992.00 Gearing Ratio 1.62 1.61 0.09 0.07 Profit before interest and tax 765.10 911.30 1,197.00 1,061.00 Interest Expenses 211.60 211.90 444.00 546.00 Interest Coverage Ratio 3.62 4.30 2.70 1.94 Investors Ratio Investors ratio is important for making investment decision. Earnings per share and dividend per share are the most important ratios. In case of EDF Energy, the EPS has slightly improved in 2013. Though the EPS of Scottish Power has declined in 2013, it is higher than EDF Energy. On the other hand, dividend per share is higher in case of Scottish Power in 2013 in comparison to EDF Energy. In 2012, the company has not paid dividend. In terms of EPS and dividend payment, Scottish Power seems to be better in comparison to EDF Energy. Scottish Power (million) EDF Energy (million) 2013 2012 2013 2012 Investor Ratio PAT 539.80 613.00 816.00 564.00 No of ordinary shares issued 3,000.00 3,000.00 13,051.00 12,644.00 Earnings Per Share (EPS) 0.18 0.20 0.06 0.04 Dividends 600.00 - 807.00 677.00 No of ordinary shares issued 3,000.00 3,000.00 13,051.00 12,644.00 Dividend per share 20.00 0.00 6.18 5.35 (Ref: (www.scottishpower.com, 2014, www.edfenergy.com, 2014)) Conclusion This paper has provided an insight regarding the financial performance of two major companies from the energy sector of UK. It has been found that the profitability and liquidity position of EDF Energy is better. Moreover, level of risk is less in case of EDF Energy. However, in terms of investors return, Scottish Power seems to be more lucrative. The efficiency of business operations is better in case of Scottish Power. References Atkinson, A. (2007).Management accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Coombs, H., Hobbs, D. and Jenkins, D. (2005).Management accounting. London: SAGE Publications. EDF Energy, (2015).How we operate. [online] Available at: https://www.edfenergy.com/about/how-we-operate [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Energy-uk.org.uk, (2015).Powering the UK | Energy UK. [online] Available at: https://www.energy-uk.org.uk/energy-industry/powering-the-uk.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2010).Advances in management accounting. Bingley: Emerald. Gazely, A. and Lambert, M. (2006).Management accounting. London: SAGE Publications. Hansen, D. and Mowen, M. (2000).Management accounting. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub. Hansen, D. and Mowen, M. (2005).Management accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Bamber, L. (2005).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Madegowda, J. (2007).Management accounting. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Scottishpower.com, (2015).A Great Company - ScottishPower. [online] Available at: https://www.scottishpower.com/pages/a_great_company.asp [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Weetman, P. (2010).Management accounting. Harlow, Essex, England New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. www.edfenergy.com, (2013).Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.edfenergy.com/sites/default/files/edf_energy_holdings_ltd_2013_financial_statements.pdf [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. www.scottishpower.com, (2014).SCOTTISH POWER UK PLC ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.scottishpower.com/userfiles/document_library/Consolidated_Report__Accounts_Scottish_Power_UK_plc_2013.pdf [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015].